Frontal lobe disorder is a disorder of the frontal lobe that occurs due to head disease or trauma. The frontal lobe of the brain plays a key role in higher mental functions such as motivation, planning, social behavior, and speech production. Frontal lobe syndrome can be caused by a variety of conditions including head trauma, tumors, degenerative diseases, neurosurgery and cerebrovascular disease. Frontal lobe disorders can be detected by identifying typical clinical signs, use of simple screening tests, and specialist neurologic tests.
Video Frontal lobe disorder
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder may be indicated by dyscecutive syndrome consisting of a number of symptoms that tend to occur together. Broadly speaking, these symptoms fall into three main categories; cognitive (movement and speech), emotional or behavioral. Although many of these symptoms regularly occur together, it is common to deal with patients who have some, but not all of these symptoms. This is one reason why some researchers start to argue that dysexecutive syndrome is not the best term to describe these symptoms. The fact that many symptoms of dysexecutive syndrome can occur alone has led some researchers to suggest that symptoms should not be labeled as "syndrome" as such. Several recent imaging studies in the frontal cortex area suggest that the executive function may be more discrete than previously thought.
Signs/symptoms can be divided as follows:
Maps Frontal lobe disorder
Cause
The cause of frontal lobe disorder can cover head injury. This example can be from an accident, which can cause damage to the orbitofrontal cortex area of ​​the brain.
Cerebrovascular disease can cause strokes in the frontal lobes. Tumors such as meningiomas may present with frontal lobe syndrome. Frontal lobe disorders are also a feature of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and Pick's disease.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of frontal lobe disorders requires a variety of pathologies, some of which are as follows:
Anatomy and function
The frontal lobe contains precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex and, by some convention, orbitofrontal cortex. These three areas are represented in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Gyrus precentral or primary motor cortex is concerned with the planning, initiation and control of fine motor dorsolateral motion into each hemisphere. The dorsolateral portion of the frontal lobe deals with planning, strategy formation, and other executive functions. The prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere is involved with verbal memory while the prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere is involved in spatial memory. The left frontal operculum region of the prefrontal cortex, or Broca's area, is responsible for expressive language, ie language production. The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with inhibition of response, impulse control, and social behavior.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of frontal lobe disorders can be divided into the following three categories:
- Clinical history
Frontal lobe disorders can be identified by sudden and dramatic changes in a person's personality, for example by loss of social awareness, disinhibition, emotional instability, irritability or impulsivity. Or the disorder may become evident due to mood swings like depression, anxiety or apathy.
- Checkout
On a person's mental examination with frontal lobe damage may indicate speech problems, with reduced verbal fluency. Usually the person is lacking in insight and judgment, but has no marked cognitive abnormalities or memory impairment (as measured by miniature mental state checks, for example). With more severe interference there may be echolalia or mutism. Neurologic examination may show primitive reflexes (also known as frontal discharges) such as grip reflexes. Akinesia (lack of spontaneous movement) will be present in more severe and advanced cases.
- Further investigation
Various neuropsychological tests are available to clarify the nature and extent of frontal lobe dysfunction. For example, the formation of concepts and the ability to alter mental sets can be measured by Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests, planning can be assessed by the Mazes subtes of WISC. Individuals with Pick disease will exhibit frontal cortical atrophy in MRI. Frontal damage due to head injury, tumor or cerebrovascular disease will also be seen in brain imaging.
Treatment
In the case of treatment for frontal lobe disorders, general supportive care is given, as well as some level of supervision that may be required. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. Complications that may occur are individuals with severe injuries can be disabled, so the caregiver may not be recognized by the person.
Another aspect of the treatment of frontal lobe disorders is speech therapy. This type of therapy can help individuals with symptoms associated with aphasia and dysarthria.
History
Phineas Gage, who suffered a severe frontal lobe injury in 1848, has been referred to as a case of dysexecutive syndrome. But it should be noted that Gage's psychological changes are almost always exaggerated - from the listed symptoms, the only thing that can be said Gage has exhibited is "anger and frustration", a bit of a memory distraction, and "trouble in planning".
See also
References
Further reading
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Paradiso, S (1999). "Frontal lobe syndrome is revisited: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry . 67 (5): 664-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. PMCÃ, 1736625 . PMID 10519877.
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Paradiso, Sergio; Chemerinski, Eran; Yazici, Kazim M.; Tartaro, Armando; Robinson, Robert G. (1999-11-01). "Frontal lobe syndrome is revisited: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & amp; Psychiatry . 67 (5): 664-667. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. ISSN 1468-330X. PMCÃ, 1736625 . PMID 10519877.
External links
- "Overview of Diseases". Frontotemporal Degeneration Association . Retrieved 2016/01/30 Ã,
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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