The Active Disclaimer System ( ADS ) is an energy-directed, non-lethal weapon developed by the US military, designed for territorial resistance, perimeter security, and crowd control. Informally, this weapon is also called heat rays because it works by heating the target surface, like a targeted human subject skin. Raytheon is currently marketing a short-range version of this technology. ADS was deployed in 2010 with the US military in the Afghan War, but was withdrawn without seeing the battle. On August 20, 2010, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department announced its intention to use this technology on detention at the Pitchess Detention Center in Los Angeles, which declared its intention to use it in "operational evaluations" in situations such as the breakup of prisoners. ADS is currently only guns installed in vehicles, although US Marines and police are both working on a portable version. ADS was developed under the sponsorship of the Non-Lethal Weapons DoD Program with the Air Force Research Laboratory as the premier institution. There are reports that Russia and China are developing their own version of the Active Disclaimer System.
Video Active Denial System
Effects
The ADS works by firing high-powered waves from a 95 GHz wave on the target, which corresponds to a wavelength of 3.2 mm. The millimeter wave energy ADS works on the same principle as a microwave oven, draws water molecules and fat on the skin, and instantly heats it through dielectric heating. One significant difference is that microwave ovens use much lower frequencies (and longer wavelengths) than 2.45 GHz. The short millimeter waves used in ADS only penetrate the upper layers of the skin, with most of the energy absorbed in 0.4 mm ( 1 / 64 ), whereas microwaves will penetrate into human tissue about 17 mm (0.67 inches).
The ADS effect of human repelling occurs at slightly higher than 44 Ã, Â ° C (111Ã, Â ° F), although first-degree burns occur at about 51 Ã, Â ° C (124Ã, Â ° F), and cuts fuel level two occurs at about 58Ã, Â °. Ã, Â ° C (136Ã, Â ° F). In testing, pea-sized blisters have been observed in less than 0.1% of ADS exposure, suggesting that second degree burns have been caused by the device. Radiation burns caused are similar to microwave burns, but only on the skin surface due to decreased penetration of shorter millimeter waves. The target surface temperature will continue to increase as long as the emission is applied, to the level specified by the target material and the distance from the transmitter, together with the frequency and the level of transmitted power set by the operator. Most human test subjects reach their pain threshold in 3 seconds, and nothing can last more than 5 seconds.
A spokesman for the Air Force Research Laboratory described his experience as a test subject for the system:
For the first millisecond, it feels like warm skin. Then be warm and warm and you feel like burning.... As soon as you are away from the rays your skin returns to normal and there is no pain.
As with all focused energy, the light will illuminate all the material in the targeted area, including everything beyond the unprotected behind, without the possibility of discrimination between individuals, objects or materials. Anyone unable to leave the target area (eg, physical disability, infant, incapacity, trapped, etc.) Will continue to receive radiation until the operator turns off the beam. Reflective materials such as aluminum foil cooking should reflect this radiation and can be used to create clothing that will protect against this radiation.
After about ten thousand volunteer test exposures to the ADS block, the Penn State Human Advisor Advisor Panel (HEAP) concluded that ADS is a non-lethal weapon that has a high probability of effectiveness with a low likelihood of injury:
- there are no significant effects for contact lens wearers or other eyeglasses (including night vision goggles)
- Normal skin applications, such as cosmetics, have little effect on ADS interactions with skin
- there is no age-related difference in response to ADS exposure
- has no effect on male reproductive system
- damage is the occurrence of pea-sized blisters in less than 0.1% of the exposure (6 out of 10,000 exposures).
In April 2007, a pilot in an ADS test overdosed and received second-degree burns on both legs, and was hospitalized for two days. There was also a laboratory accident in 1999 that resulted in second degree burns.
Possible long-term effects
Many possible long-term effects have been studied, with the conclusion that no long-term effects are likely to occur at the level of exposure being studied. However, overexposure of the operator or target may cause long-term damage including cancer. According to the official military assessment, "If overexposure occurs to sufficient power density to produce thermal injuries, there is a very low probability that the scars from such injuries may later be cancer." Proper wound management further reduces this probability, as well as network probability hypertrophic scar or keloid formation. "
- Cancer: A rat cancer study performed on two levels of energy and exposure with a 94-GHz transmitter: single exposure 10 seconds, 1W/cm 2 ; and repeated 10 seconds exposure for 2 weeks period at 333 mW/cm 2 . In both energy levels, no increase in skin cancer was observed. No higher energy level studies, or longer exposure times have been performed on millimeter wave systems.
- Corneal damage: Tests on non-human primate eyes have observed no short-term or long-term damage because flashing reflexes protect the eye from damage in 0.25 seconds.
- Birth defects: Millimeter waves penetrate only 0.4 mm ( 1 / 64 inch) into the skin, making direct damage to the testis or ovary is not possible.
- Blisters and scarring: Pea-sized blisters from second-degree burns occur in a very small minority (less than 0.1%) of tested exposure, which has far-reaching scarring potential.
ADS operators will be exposed to more than the standard allowed limit (MPE) for RF energy, and military use requires exceptions to this exposure limit.
Maps Active Denial System
History
Development
Two Active Disclaimer Systems were developed under the Department of Defense's Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration Program (now known as the Joint Concept Technology Demonstration Program) from 2002 to 2007. Unlike the Defense Department's distinctive weapons development program, ACTDs/JCTDs do not focus on technological optimization; instead they focus on rapid technological overhaul in configurations suitable for user evaluation.
Contract
On September 22, 2004, Raytheon was granted FCC licenses to demonstrate the technology to "law enforcement, military and security organizations."
On October 4, 2004, the US Department of Defense published the following contract information:
Communications and Power Industries (CPI), Palto Alto California, is earning a $ 6,377,762 replacement cost, a fixed price-plus contract fee. The contractor shall design, construct, test, and transmit two to 2.5 megawatt wave systems, high efficiency, continuous wave (CW) 95 gigahertz millimeters. Contractors should model, simulate, experiment, and test extensively for their maximum facility capabilities (which must be not less than one peak of the RF megawatt output) which will ensure the last CW capability of the source. The contractor will also provide input for the requirements for a government test stand, which will serve as a full electricity facility in the future. At this time, $ 900,000 of funds have been required. This work will be completed in January 2009. The negotiations were completed in September 2004. The Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, is a contract activity (FA9451-04-C-0298).
Demonstration
The military has made ADS available to the media for demonstrations on a number of occasions. A fully operational and installed system of this system was demonstrated on January 24, 2007, at Moody Air Base, Georgia, USA. A Reuters correspondent who volunteered to be shot with a beam during the demonstration described it as "similar to the explosion from a very hot oven - too painful to bear without diving for cover." An Associated Press journalist who volunteered to declare "They certainly assured me that the system could help save innocent civilians and our young service members" CBS News correspondent did an in-depth story about ADS in March 2008. Demonstrations were conducted for the media on March 9, 2012, at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.
Afghan deployment
On June 21, Lieutenant Colonel John Dorrian, spokesman for NATO forces commander General Stanley McChrystal, confirmed in an e-mail to Wired Journalist Noah Shachtman that ADS was deployed in Afghanistan.. But the spokesman added that the system has not been used operationally.
ADS was removed from service in Afghanistan on July 25, 2010. A United States Department of Defense spokesman said "The decision to withdraw the weapons to the US was made by field commanders in Afghanistan."
A former Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense said that recalling ADS from Afghanistan is a "missed opportunity" and "non-lethal ADS systems can prove to be beneficial in counterinsurgency operations where avoidance of civilian casualties is critical to mission success."
Problems
There is speculation in the open literature why ADS is not used in operating theaters. Some of the issues claimed include: (1) that potential is unreliable under certain environmental conditions, because rainfall (rain/snow/mist/mist) often wastes RF energy, which can moderate the sensation of ADS to be "warm and comfortable"; (2) that ADS can only work successfully against exposed skin, implying that heavier clothing may reduce its effectiveness and its tactical uses can be potentially limited in attacking certain personnel hiding in civilian crowds, since this 'hiding' situation has not been seen. in all operating theaters recently (reportedly observed in Somalia and Iraq, but reported not in Afghanistan). What is the actual performance of ADS related to this unknown issue currently published in open literature.
Active Rejection System II
In 2011, ADS was redesigned to make it smaller, more reliable, and usable on the go. ADS II is being designed to operate from moving aircraft, as well as moving vehicles on land. The redesign does not solve the problem under different environmental conditions.
The Air Force Special Operations Command is experimenting with installing ADSs from Ghostrider AC-130J weapons to target threatening people or individuals in the field. This is to give the weapon a non-lethal option so the crew has more engagement options. Due to the increasing number of engagements in populated areas, the Air Force aims to have a field system within 5-10 years to have enough available aircraft with less lethal systems. The plane seems to be using the ADS version II.
Concepts to use
ADS was developed as a non-lethal weapon. According to the Ministry of Defense policy, non-lethal weapons "are explicitly designed and employed primarily to incapacitate personnel or materials while minimizing casualties, permanent personnel injuries, and undesirable damage to property and the environment." ADS has an application for crowd control and perimeter defense, and fills the "gap between shouting and firing." Other crowd control methods - including pepper spray, tear gas, water cannon, slippery foam and rubber bullets - carry an implicit danger of temporary or permanent injury or accidental death, and often leave residual or residual materials. The combination of an acoustic and optical system platform with ADS can be used to communicate effectively, alert force escalations, introduce optical and auditory deterrents and function of power escalation steps transmitted from relatively benign to finally forcible crowds, or to deny them from an area or access to an area. A group of people can theoretically be dissolved or persuaded to leave the area in a way that will not damage personnel, uninvolved civilians (no stray bullets), or to nearby buildings or neighborhoods.
Non-lethal weapons are meant to give US troops an option, for example, "stop suspicious vehicles without killing the driver". Although the frequency of ADM millimeter waves does not affect the car's electronic components, it can be used to block drivers in approaching vehicles. In the broader strategic context, non-lethal weapons such as ADS have the potential to offer "accuracy, precision, and effective duration that can help save military and civil life, break the cycle of violence by offering a more passive response, and even preventing violence from occurring if opportunities for early or preliminary involvement arise. "
The Council on Foreign Relations noted that "the wider integration of existing non-lethal weapons (NLW) into the US Army and Marine Corps could help reduce the damage caused by widespread looting and sabotage after the cessation of major conflicts in Iraq."
In Afghanistan, the need to minimize civilian casualties has led to a restricted engagement rule on the use of deadly force by US forces. A correspondent of National Public Radio in Afghanistan "watched the troops wrestle with the dilemma of whether to shoot." Non-lethal weapons such as ADS provide an option for US forces in the situation.
Controversy
The effects of radio frequencies on humans have been studied by the military for many years, and many, but not all studies have been published publicly in peer-reviewed journals.
Symptoms such as those associated with active denial weapons are reported to have been felt daily since November 2015 by a retired government official in Canberra, Australia. On March 3, 2016, however, the Australian Department of Defense stated that they did not purchase "capabilities such as Raythorne Silent Guardian or Infrared, Sonic Weapons, or Long Acoustic Devices." On the same date, the Australian Capital Territory Minister declared that "ACT Governments including ACT directorates, agencies and ACT Police do not use... devices [such as electronic crowd control devices and electronic active denial systems], nor are these entities considering its use. "
A news article criticized the amount of time it took to launch this system, citing its potential to avoid much pain and suffering in turbulent areas around the world.
Although the effect is described as "unpleasant", this device has a "potential death".
Although claimed to not cause burns under "regular use", it is also described similar to an incandescent light bulb that is pressed on the skin, which can cause severe burns in just a few seconds. The rays can be focused up to 700 meters, and are said to penetrate thick clothing even though it is not a wall. At 95 GHz, the frequency is much higher than 2.45 GHz from a microwave oven. This frequency is chosen because it penetrates less than 1/64 inch (0.4 mm), which - in most humans, except for the eyelid and baby - avoids the second skin layer (dermis) where critical structures are found such as end nerves and blood vessels.
An early test methodology, in which volunteers are asked to remove glasses, contact lenses and metal objects that may cause hot spots, raises concerns whether the device will remain true for the purpose of temporary non-lethal disability if used in the field where security precautions will not be taken. However, these tests were conducted early in the program and part of a thorough and methodical process to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the technology, which now has involved more than 600 volunteers and about 10,200 exposures. When security is shown in every step of the process, the restrictions are removed, and now, according to ADS supporters, there are no restrictions or precautions necessary for volunteers experiencing the effects. Long-term exposure to light can cause more serious damage, especially in sensitive tissue, such as the eye. Two people have received second-degree burns after being exposed to the device. (The actual number of injuries, according to Ms. Stephanie Miller of AFRL/RDHR, is a total of eight - two previously mentioned, and six others, cured without medical intervention.)
In addition, some claim that subjects who have body piercings, jewelry, or tattoos tend to suffer serious skin damage. Tattooed people can become sick due to the large amount of toxic substances released from hot/melted tattoo pigments. Testing of human effects on large versions of ADS includes more than 11,000 exposures in over 700 volunteers. Laboratory and full-scale research results indicate that there is only a 0.1% chance of injury from exposure to System 1 or System 2.
Critics claim that, although the stated intention of the ADS is to be a non-lethal tool designed to temporarily incapacitate, incorrect modification or use by operators can turn ADS into a more destructive weapon that could violate international conventions of war (though at this time , ADS has been through numerous reviews of compliance agreements and legal review by AF/JAO, and in all cases in accordance with any agreement and law).
Some focus on the lower limits of use that can cause people who use it (especially the civilian police) to be "fun-trigger", especially in dealing with peaceful protesters. Others focus on concerns that weapons whose operating principle is painful (though "non-lethal") may be useful for purposes such as torture, as they leave no evidence of use, but no doubt have the capacity to inflict terrible pain on subjects under control. According to Wired Magazine, Active Dispute Systems has been rejected for failing in Iraq because of the Pentagon's fear that it would be considered a torture tool.
Silent Guardian
Defense contractor Raytheon has developed a smaller version of ADS, the Silent Guardian. This disarmament model is primarily marketed for use by law enforcement agencies, the military and other security providers. The system is operated and directed with a joystick and viewfinder. This device can be used to target more than 250m away.
LA County prison now installs smaller units on their prison ceiling.
These devices, or others like it, have been marketed for law enforcement but civilians have bought some. It is not unusual for a wealthy family or personal business to have one in a robbery case. Several versions cause painful and deafening sensations or strange sounds in the head. It is possible that some unscrupulous parties have acquired these machines and many may have them illegally.
Michael Hanlon - who volunteered to experience the impact - described it as "a bit like touching a red hot wire, but no heat, just a hot sensation." Raytheon said that the pain soon disappears after lifting the light; still, Hanlon reported that the finger that he subjected "felt tingling a few hours later."
See also
- Heat Rays
- Radiation
- Remote acoustic device
- The arms rejection area, to prevent enemies from occupying or crossing the area
References
External links
- Test video and ADS effects by US Force TV
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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