Sam Houston (March 2, 1793 - July 26, 1863) was a soldier and American politician. His victory at the Battle of San Jacinto guaranteed Texas's independence from Mexico in one of the decisive battles in modern history. He was also the only governor in the future of the Confederate state to oppose the secession (which led to the outbreak of the American Civil War) and rejected the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, a decision which led to his dismissal from office by the secessionist Texas Convention.
Houston was born at Timber Ridge Plantation in Rockbridge County, Virginia. He is of Scottish-Irish descent. After moving to Tennessee after his father died, he spent time with the Cherokee Nation, where he was later adopted as a citizen and where he married. He served military service during the War of 1812 and successfully participated in Tennessee politics. In 1827, Houston was elected Governor of Tennessee as a Jacksonian. In 1829, he resigned as governor and moved to the Arkansas Region.
In 1832, Houston was involved in a quarrel with a member of the US Congress, followed by a high profile conference. Shortly thereafter, he moved west to Coahuila y Tejas, then Mexico, and became the leader of the Texas Revolution.
After the war, Houston became a key figure in Texas and was elected the first and third President of the Republic of Texas. He supported the annexation by the United States and he became a US Senator after reaching it in 1845, and finally a governor of the State of Texas in 1859, where Houston became the only person who became governor of two different US states through elections. , and the only state governor who became head of a foreign country.
As governor, he refused to swear allegiance to the Confederacy when Texas broke away from Union in 1861 with the outbreak of the American Civil War, and he was removed from his post as Southern Unionist in the process. To avoid bloodshed, he refused the offer of Union forces to stop the Confederate uprising. Instead, he retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the war.
The name Houston has been respected in various ways. He is the namesake of Houston city, the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the US. Other things named Sam Houston include Sam Houston State University, Memorial Museum, Sam Houston USS (SSBN-609) naval vessel, Fort Sam Houston, Sam Houston National Forest, a historical park, a elementary school in Maryville, TN (Sam Houston Elementary), a prominent roadside statue outside Huntsville, and the main streets of many Texas cities.
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Sam Houston is the fifth son of Major Samuel Houston and Elizabeth Paxton. Houston's father's grandfather was often traced to his great-grandfather Sir John Houston, who built a family home in Scotland at the end of the seventeenth century. His second son, John Houston, emigrated to Ulster, Ireland, during the Ulster plantation period. Under the system of the firstborn, he did not inherit the estate. A historic plaque near Larne in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, tells the story of the Houston family. Located in Ballyboley Forest Park near the original John Houston real estate.
After several years in Ireland, John Houston immigrated in 1735 with his family to a North American colony, where they first settled in Pennsylvania. Houston decided to migrate south with the other Scottish-Irish, who settled in the back ground states of Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Scottish-Scottish newcomers included the Lyle family in the Raloo area that helped set up Timber Ridge Presbyterian Church, and the Houston family settled nearby. Gradually, John Houston expanded his land and bought slaves. His son, Robert, inherited his country, and the youngest of Robert's five sons was Samuel Houston.
Samuel Houston became a member of the Rifle Morgan Brigade and was assigned as major during the American Revolutionary War. At that time, militia officers were expected to pay their own expenses. He had married Elizabeth Paxton and inherited his father's estate, but he was not a good and owed manager, partly because of his military service. Their children were born in their family plantations near Timber Ridge Church, including Sam Houston on March 2, 1793, the fifth child of nine children and the fifth son. The sons of Samuel and Elizabeth the senior were Paxton (b.1783), Robert (b.1787), James (b.1788), John Paxton (b.1790, first scribe of Izard County, Arkansas, 1819-1838) , Samuel (b) 1793), William (b.1794), Isabella (b.1796), Mary Blair (born 1797), and Elizabeth Ann (born 1800). Currently, Timber Ridge Plantation maintains a log building that claims the tradition was built of wood that was rescued from the cabin of Sam Houston's birthplace.
Planning to move and leave debt behind, Samuel Houston patents old land near his relatives in Maryville, county of Blount County, Tennessee. He died in 1807 before he could complete the action, which was further done by Elizabeth, along with their five sons and three daughters. He took them to the eastern part of the new country, which had been accepted at the Union in 1796.
The young Sam was 14 years old when her family moved to Maryville, and she only received basic education on the Virginia border. He escaped from home in 1809 at the age of 16 because he was not satisfied working as a store employee at his brother's shop. He went southwest and stayed for several years with the Cherokee tribe led by Ahuludegi (also spelled Oolooteka) on Hiwassee Island on the Hiwassee River, above his encounter with the Tennessee River. Ahuludegi had become a hereditary head after his brother moved to the west; The American settlers in the area called him John Jolly. He became a foster father in Houston, named him Cherokee Colonneh , which means "Crows". Houston became fluent in Cherokee while living with the tribe.
He visits his family in Maryville every few months. He returned to Maryville in 1812, and he was employed at the age of 19 for the tenure as principal of a schoolroom in Blount County between his town and Knoxville. The school was preceded by others in the area, but the school was first built in Tennessee since entering the Union.
Maps Sam Houston
War of 1812
In 1812, Houston reported for training at Camp Blount near Fayetteville, Tennessee today and signed up to fight against the British in the War of 1812. In December of that year, he had been transferred to the 39th Infantry Regiment and had risen from private to third lieutenant. He was injured in the groin at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 by the arrow of the Creek, but his wound was bandaged and he rejoined the fight. Andrew Jackson asks volunteers to remove a group of Red Sticks from her breasts; Houston volunteered and was hit with bullets in his shoulders and arms during the attack. He returned to Maryville as a disabled veteran, but later took up the offer of a military-free operation and recovered at a New Orleans hospital.
Houston became close to Jackson, who was impressed with him and acted as a mentor. In 1817, Jackson appointed him as a sub-agent in managing the Cherokee family's dismissal from East Tennessee to a reservation in what is now Arkansas. Houston has a distinction with War Secretary John C. Calhoun, who denounces him for appearing in a meeting dressed up like a Cherokee. More importantly, the investigation began on charges related to Houston's administration of equipment for Indians; he was offended and resigned in 1818.
Tennessee Politics
Houston passed a bar exam in Nashville after six months of apprenticeship with Judge James Trimble, and he later opened a law practice in Lebanon, Tennessee. In 1818, he was appointed as a local attorney in Nashville and also commanded in state militia.
In 1822, Houston was elected a member of the US House of Representatives in Tennessee, where he was a loyal supporter of fellow Tennessean and Democrat Andrew Jackson. He is widely considered the protagonist of Jackson's politics, although their ideas are very different about the proper treatment of American Indians. Houston was a member of Congress from 1823 to 1827, re-elected in 1824. In 1827, he refused to run for re-election to Congress.
He won the race for Tennessee Governor in 1827, defeating Congressman Newton Cannon and former governor Willie Blount. He planned to run again in 1829, but suddenly hit by alcoholism and infidelity rumors. He resigned from the office when his wife Eliza Allen left him shortly after their marriage and made an embarrassing public statement for him.
Controversy and trial
In 1830 and 1833, Houston visited Washington, D.C. to expose the fraud committed by government agencies against Cherokee. When he was in Washington in April 1832, an anti-Jackson Congressman, William Stanbery of Ohio made allegations about Houston in a speech on the floor of the Congress, attacking Andrew Jackson through his gang. He accused Houston of allying with John Van Fossen and Congressman Robert S. Rose. The three men had been trying to supply rations to various Indian tribes who had been forcibly transferred to western Mississippi as a result of the Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830. Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letter about the allegations, so Houston confronted him with Pennsylvania. Avenue and hit him with a hickory stick, causing serious bodily injury. Stanbery pulled one of his pistols to defend himself and squeezed the trigger, but his gun was shot.
Congress ordered Houston's arrest on April 17 and took him to court in the District of Columbia City Hall. He pleaded for self-defense and hired Francis Scott Key as his lawyer. Congressman Philip Doddridge provides an eloquent argument that intimidating members of Congress with physical force is anarchy in the refusal of federalism. Houston was found guilty, but he was only scolded lightly thanks to highly placed friends like James K. Polk. Stanbery filed a lawsuit against Houston in a civil court, and Judge William Cranch found him responsible and assessed $ 500 in damages. Houston left the United States for Mexico without paying judgment.
Republic of Texas
Texas Revolution
Houston's political reputation suffered more from the publicity associated with the trial for his attacks on Stanbery. He left for Texas in December 1832 and was soon lulled into politics still part of the Mexican state of Coahuila, attending the 1833 Convention as a representative for Nacogdoches. Houston emerged as a supporter of William Harris Wharton and his brother, who promoted independence from Mexico. This is a more radical position than the American settlers and Tejanos in Texas. He also attended the 1835 Consultation, and the Texas Army assigned him as Major General in November 1835. He negotiated a peaceful settlement with Cherokee from East Texas in February 1836 to dispel their fears about independence.
Houston was elected Commander-in-Chief at the convention to declare Texan independence in March 1836, and he signed the Declaration of Independence of Texas on March 2, 1836, his 43rd birthday. Mexican soldiers killed almost everyone at the Alamo Mission at the end of a 13-day siege on 6 March. On March 11, Houston joined his forces in Gonzales: 374 people who were poorly trained, poorly trained, and poorly recruited. The word defeat at Alamo reached him and, while he waited for confirmation, he organized recruits as the First Texas Regiment Volunteer Army.
On March 13, Houston withdrew before the superior forces of Mexican General Antonio LÃÆ'³pez de Santa Anna, as he lacked rations. Heavy rains fell almost every day, causing severe moral problems among the affected troops fighting through the mud. He received additional troops near the current La Grange, after four days of marching, and continued east two days later with 600 people. In Goliad, Santa Anna ordered the execution of more than 400 Texas militia volunteers led by James Fannin, who had surrendered his troops on 20 March. The Houston army joined 130 more people on March 26 near Columbus right now, and the next day. he learned from the Fannin disaster.
Houston continued his retreat eastward toward the Gulf coast, drawing criticism for his lack of combat, and the two firms refused to resign further on March 29 as they camped along the Brazos River. Houston decided to use the opportunity for an imperfect training and discipline his strength. On April 2, he arranged the 2nd Regiment and received a regular battalion, and he ordered all troops along Brazos to join the main army on April 11, about 1,500 people. He started crossing Brazos on 12 April.
Santa Anna eventually succeeded in overtaking the Texans, but he had divided his own troops into three separate troops in an attempt to besiege the Houston army. Houston surprised Santa Anna's troops during their siesta at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. The Texans prevailed in less than 18 minutes, suffering several casualties, although Houston's ankle was crushed by a stray bullet. Santa Anna was brutally beaten and forced to sign the Velasco Agreement, granting Texas her independence. Houston stayed for a while for negotiations, then returned to the United States to treat his ankle wounds.
Selected office of the Republic of Texas
Houston was twice elected President of the Republic of Texas. In the election of 1836, he defeated Stephen F. Austin and Henry Smith with more than 79% of the vote. Houston took office from October 22, 1836, until December 10, 1838. The Constitution of the Republic of Texas declared that no president could replace himself, but did not prohibit certain non-consecutive provisions.
When his first term ended, he was elected to serve as a representative of San Augustine County in the Republic of Texas House of Representatives. After his tenure as the deputy, Houston returned to serve as President of the Republic of Texas from December 12, 1841, to December 9, 1844.
Although he initially sought an annexation by the United States, Houston lowered that goal during his first term. In his second term, he sought to fiscal prudence and worked to make peace with the various Native American tribes in the Republic. He also fought to avoid a war with Mexico, whose troops invaded twice during 1842. In response to the 1844 Regulator-Moderator War, he sent Republican militia to lay a feud.
Houston still believes that the US annexation of Texas is not a realistic goal and the US Senate will never escape because of the complicated situation between Texas and the recently independent Mexican. However, Houston is a politician and therefore he seeks to preserve his career by supporting his annexation support to the US Without his support, the Texas congress will ask questions to the general election and after a possible pass will effectively destroy Houston's career as a Texas politician. To help rescue his political reputation, Houston sent James Pinckney Henderson to Washington to help Isaac Van Zandt support Texas annexation.
Settlement Houston
The European-American settlement of Houston was founded in August 1836 by the J.K. brothers Allen and A.C. Allen. Named in Houston and served as capital. Gail Borden helped organize the streets of Houston.
In 1837, during Houston's first term as President of the Republic of Texas, he joined Holland Lodge Holland No. No. 36. Founded in Brazoria and relocated in 1837 to what is now Houston. On December 20, 1837, Houston led the Freemason convention that formed the Grand Lodge of the Republic of Texas, now the Grand Lodge of Texas.
The city of Houston served as the capital of the republic until President Mirabeau Lamar signed the move that moved the capital to Austin on January 14, 1839. Between his presidency (the constitution did not allow a president to serve in a row), Houston was elected as representative of San Agustinus Texas Representative Council. He was a major critic of President Mirabeau Lamar, who advocated the continued independence of Texas, the massacre of American Indians, and the expansion of Texas borders into the Pacific Ocean.
AS. Senator from Texas
After Texas annexation by the United States in 1845, Houston was elected to the US Senate by the Texas state legislature, along with Thomas Jefferson Rusk. Houston took office from February 21, 1846, until March 4, 1859, by a margin of nine months in 1847 when the state legislature failed to vote it again. He was a Senator during the Mexican-American War, when the US defeated Mexico and gained a new expanse of territory in the Southwest as part of a concluding agreement.
Throughout his tenure in the Senate, Houston spoke against the growth of state sectionalism. He blamed extremists from North and South, saying:
"Whatever counts to weaken or undermine the power of Unity, - whether it is from the North or the South, - whether arising from the violent arson of the abolitionists, or from the dissident coalition, will never meet me unqualified consent."
Houston supported the Oregon Bill of 1848, which was opposed by many Southerners. In his passionate speech to support the 1850 Compromise, echoing Matthew 12:25, Houston says, "A nation divided against itself can not survive." Eight years later, Abraham Lincoln will reveal the same sentiments.
Houston opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and correctly predicted that it would cause a rift in a country that would ultimately lead to war, saying: "... what blood field, what horror scene, what big city in smoke and ruins - it's the brother who kills... I see my beloved South fall in an unequal contest, in a sea of ​​blood and the destruction of smoking. "He is one of only two Southern senators (the other is John Bell of Tennessee) to vote against the law. At that time, he was considered a potential candidate for the President of the United States. However, strong Unionism and its opposition to slavery enslaved alienate the legislature of Texas and other southern states.
Houston's opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to his departure from the Democratic Party. Beginning in 1855, Houston began to be publicly linked with the Know-Not Know movement, which represents a trade union alternative to the Democrats. Houston opposes the growing influence of Catholic voters, stating, "let all have their own religion... but I will reject the political influence of the Pope or the Imam." He opposes the Catholic restrictions from holding office, but wants to extend the naturalization period for immigrants to twenty-one years. He sought the presidential nomination at the 1856 Know Nothing party national convention and publicly endorsed party tickets in the 1856 presidential election. The No Knowledge Party collapsed after the 1856 election and Houston became associated with the loosely organized Opposition Party, an independent coalition and former Whig against Democrats and Republicans.
As a former President of Texas, Houston is the last foreign head of state to serve in the US Congress.
Houston was also the first (and, to date, the only) former governor of different countries to have been elected to the US Senate. (William W. Bibb, the only other politician (to date) who has served as state governor and US senator from different countries (based on the US senator from Georgia and the first governor of Alabama), reaches the offices in reverse order like Houston.)
Texas Governor
Houston ran twice to the governor of Texas as a Unionist, failed in 1857, and succeeded against Hardin R. Runnels in 1859. He was sworn in as Governor on December 21, 1859. After election, he became the only person elected to serve as governor. two US states, Texas and Tennessee, based on popular votes. (While Thomas McKean and John Dickinson each served as chief executive of Delaware and then Pennsylvania at the end of the 18th century, and other state governors also served as governors of the American territory, each of them achieving at least one of his positions by indirect election or appointment.)
While the Governor, Houston ran for president in 1860. He was a presidential candidate at the 1860 Constitution Convention, but Houston ranks second in the vote for John Bell. Later that year he was nominated for the President by the People's Party. The People's Party is a loose association of Houston supporters. On April 20, 1860, the party was held, in the San Jacinto War Field, the so-called national convention to nominate Houston for the President. The party did not nominate a Vice Presidential candidate at that time because they were expecting the next meeting to carry out the function. Mass meetings were then held in northern cities, such as New York City on May 30, 1860, but they also failed to nominate a Vice Presidential candidate. Houston withdrew from the race on August 16, believing that his candidacy would only make it easier for Abraham Lincoln to win. Instead, he urged the formation of a unified "Union" ticket.
Although Houston was a slave owner and opposed abolition, he opposed the Texas separation of the Union. An elected convention voted to secede from the United States on 1 February 1861, and Texas joined the United States Confederation on March 2, 1861. Houston refused to recognize its legality, but the Texas legislature upheld the legitimacy of secession. The political forces that led to Texas's secession were strong enough to replace the state Unionist governor. Houston chose not to refuse, stating, "I love Texas so much for bringing civil strife and bloodshed to it.To prevent this disaster, I will not seek to defend my authority as Chief Executive of this Country except for the peaceful exercise of my function.. "He was expelled from his office on March 16, 1861, for refusing to take a loyalty oath to the Confederacy, writing in an undelivered speech,
Citizens, on behalf of your rights and freedoms, whom I believe have been trampled upon, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of the Texas nationality, which has been betrayed by the Convention, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of the Texas Constitution, I refuse to take this oath. On behalf of my own conscience and maturity, which this Convention will bring down by dragging me before it, to complain to the hatred of my enemies, I refuse to take this oath. I reject the power of this Convention to speak for Texas.... I protest... against all the actions and deeds of this convention and I declare them null and void.
The Texas secessionist convention replaced Houston with Lt. Gov. Edward Clark. To avoid more bloodshed in Texas, Houston rejected the offer of US Colonel Frederick W. Lander of President Lincoln 50,000 troops to prevent Texas secession. He said, "Allow me to respectfully refuse such help from the United States Government."
After leaving the governor's house, Houston went to Galveston. Along the way, many people demand an explanation for his refusal to support the Confederation. On April 19, 1861 from the hotel window, he told the crowd:
Let me tell you what will happen. After the sacrifice of millions of countless treasures and hundreds of thousands of lives, you may win South independence if God is not against you, but I doubt it. I tell you that, while I believe in you in the state's rights doctrine, North Korea is determined to keep this Unity. They are not as fiery and impulsive as you are, because they live in a colder climate. But as they begin to move in a certain direction, they move with steady momentum and perseverance from the great avalanche; and what I fear is, they will dominate the South.
Electoral history
Personal life and death
On January 22, 1829, at the age of 35, Houston married a 19-year-old Eliza Allen, the daughter of the strongest wine grower, Colonel John Allen (1776-1833) from Gallatin, Tennessee. He is a friend of politician Andrew Jackson, soon serving as President of the United States. Houston was then governor of Tennessee.
Eliza left Houston shortly after their marriage. After their separation and statements, Houston resigned as governor.
Neither Houston nor Eliza had ever discussed the reason for their separation; speculation and gossip credited their split on the feelings of Eliza who fell in love with another man. The public statements mentioned above and Houston's resignation indicate another reason. Houston seems to have taken care of his wife's reputation and wrote a letter to his father.
Houston officially divorced Eliza Allen Houston in 1837. (He remarried in 1840 with Dr. Elmore Douglass, became the stepmother to his ten children He had four children with him and died in 1861.)
In April 1829, partly because of his famous separation scandal, Houston resigned as governor of Tennessee. He went west with Cherokee in India to be exiled in the Arkansas Region. That year he was adopted by Chief John Jolly and thus became a member of Cherokee.
Houston married Tiana Rogers (died 1838), daughter of Chief John "Hellfire" Rogers (1740-1833), a Scottish-Irish merchant, and Jennie Due (1764-1806), sister of Chief John Jolly, in a ceremony according to custom Cherokee. Tiana was in her mid-30s, mixed race, and widow David Gentry, Jr. She had two children from her previous marriage: Gabriel, born in 1819, and Joanna, born in 1822. She and Houston lived together for several years. Under civil law, he is still legally married to Eliza Allen Houston.
After refusing to accompany Houston to Texas in 1832, Tiana later married John McGrady. In 1838 he died of pneumonia and was buried at Fort Gibson National Cemetery with a grave reader reading "Talahina R. wife of General Sam Houston".
In 1833, Houston was baptized into the Catholic faith to qualify under existing Mexican law for property ownership in Coahuila y Tejas. The sacrament was held in the living room of Adolphus Sterne's House in Nacogdoches.
On May 9, 1840, Houston, 47, married for the third time. The 21-year-old bride Margaret Moffette Lea of ​​Marion, Alabama, daughter of the planters. They have eight children born between the ages of 51 and 68 years of Houston. Margaret acts as a powerful influence on her much older husband and convinces her to stop drinking. Although Houstons have many homes, they only hold one time: Cedar Point (1840-1863) at Trinity Bay.
In 1854, Margaret had spent 14 years trying to turn Houston into a Baptist church. With the help of George Washington Baines, he convinces Houston to convert; he agreed to adult baptism. Audiences from neighboring communities came to Independence, Texas to witness the event. On November 19, 1854, Houston was baptized by Pdt. Rufus C. Burleson by immersion in Little Rocky Creek, two miles southeast of Independence. The christening site is near the roadside history marker by the Texas History Commission located on Farm to Market Road 50 on Sam Houston Road. Sam Houston Rd. continue to Little Rocky Creek between Independence and nearby Sandy Hill settlements.
In 1862, Houston returned to Huntsville, Texas, and rented Steamboat House; the hills in Huntsville reminded him of his childhood home in Tennessee. Houston is active in Masonic Lodge, transferring his membership to Forrest Lodge # 19. His health deteriorated in 1863 due to a persistent cough. In mid-July, Houston developed pneumonia. He died on July 26, 1863 at Steamboat House, with his wife Margaret at his side.
The writing on his tomb reads:
Sam Houston is buried in Huntsville, where he lives in retirement. After her death, Margaret was buried in Independence at her family funeral.
See also
- Joshua Houston
- The history of slavery in Texas
- List of duel # United States
- List of monuments and warnings for Sam Houston
- List of works in Sam Houston
References
Specific
Inline quotes (shown in the article) are listed below.
Bibliography
The following is the reference source (alphabetically by the author):
- Andrew Jackson - Life and Times ; Brand, H.W.; Doubleday: ISBNÃ, 0-385-50738-0.
- Texas Revolution ; Brinkley, William; Texas A & amp; M Press: ISBNÃ, 0-87611-041-3.
- San Jacinto Sword , Marshall DeBruhl; Random House: ISBNÃ, 0-394-57623-3.
- Haley, James L. (2002). Sam Houston . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN: 978-0-8061-3644-8.
- The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston ; James, Marquis; University of Texas Press: ISBNÃ, 0-292-77040-5.
- The Eagle and the Raven ; Michener, James A.; State House Press: ISBN: 0-938349-57-0.
- Roberts, Madge Thornall (1993). Star of Destiny: The Private Life of Sam and Margaret Houston . Denton, TX: University of North Texas PressÃ-via Questia (subscription required) . ISBN: 0-929398-51-3.
External links
- United States Congress. "Sam Houston (id: H000827)". Directory of Biographies of the United States Congress .
- Sam Houston Papers (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, Texas)
- The life of General Houston, 1793-1863 was published in 1891, organized by Portal to the History of Texas.
- permanent dead links > Sam Houston; David Crockett. published in 1901, organized by Portal for the History of Texas.
- Samuel Houston from the Texas Online Handbook
- Sam Houston Memorial Museum in Huntsville, Texas
- Sam Houston Historic Schoolhouse in Maryville, Tennessee
- Sam Houston documentary: American Statesman, Warrior, and Pioneer . 2009, The Sam Houston Project.
- Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture entries
- Tennessee State Library & amp; Archive, Governor Sam Houston's paper, 1827-1829
- Sam Houston Riding a Gray Horse
- Houston Family Papers, 1836-1869 and undated, in the Southwest Collection/Library Special Collection at Texas Tech University
- Live and select the remains of the Sam Houston of Texas literature published in 1884
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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