Buffalo is the second largest city in the state of New York and the city of 81 in the United States. By July 2016, the population was 256,902, slightly down from the 2010 census. It is the main municipality of the Niagara-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, an area with 1,134,210 residents in the MSA and 1,213,668 in the CSA. The city serves as the seat of Erie County government. The city is also the main gateway for trade and travel for the Canadian-US border, which forms part of the Buffalo Bi-national Niagara Area.
The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by Native American Iroquois tribes and later by French settlers. The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration, the construction of the Erie Canal, the construction of rail transport, and its proximity to Lake Erie. This growth provides an abundance of fresh water and vast trade routes to the Central United States while tidying up its economy for the grain, steel and automobile industries that dominated the city economy during the 20th century. Because the urban economy relied heavily on manufacturing, deindustrialization in the second half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population. While some manufacturing activities remain, Buffalo's economy has been diverted to the service industry with a greater emphasis on health care, research and higher education, which emerged after the Great Recession.
Buffalo is located on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, and 16 miles south of Niagara Falls. Buffalo is recognized for the initial embrace of electric power, due to the nickname "City of Light." The city is also renowned for the planning and layout of the city by Joseph Ellicott, an extensive park system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, as well as important architectural works spanning several centuries. It is a cultural center that blends Northeastern and Midwestern United States traditions with dozens of leading annual festivals (including Taste of Buffalo and Allentown Art Festival), two professional sports teams (Buffalo Bills and Buffalo Sabers), and old music and art scene.
Video Buffalo, New York
Etymology
The city of Buffalo received its name from a nearby river named Buffalo Creek. British military engineer, Captain John Montresor refers to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, which may be the earliest appearance of the name.
There are several theories about how Buffalo Creek received its name. Although it may be derived from French fur traders and Native Americans who call the Beau Fleuve (French) tributary to the "Beautiful River"), it is also possible that Buffalo Creek is named after the American buffalo, whose historical range may have been extends to western New York.
Maps Buffalo, New York
History
Prehistory and Europe Browsing
The first inhabitants of the State of New York are believed to have become nomadic Paleo-Indians, who migrated after the disappearance of Pleistocene glaciers during or before 7000 BC.
Around 1000 CE, 1,000 years ago, the Woodland period began, marked by the appearance of the Iroquois Confederation and its tribes across the state.
During the French exploration of the area in 1620, the area was simultaneously occupied by the Erie agrarians, tribes outside the Five Countries west of the Iroquois at Buffalo Creek, and the Wenro or Wenrohronon, Iroquoian-speaking tribes of the great Neutral Nation live along the inland coast south of Lake Ontario and at the eastern end of Lake Erie and a little north coast. For trade, Neutral people earn a living by growing tobacco and hemp to trade with Iroquois, using animal trails or war lanes to travel and moving goods across the state. The line is then paved, and now serves as the main road.
Later, during the 1640s-1650s Beaver War, the combined fighters of the Five States of the Iroquois Confederacy conquered the densest Netral and their peninsula territory, while Senecas himself took Wenro and their territory, c. 1651-1653. Soon afterward, the Erie and the region were also destroyed by Iroquois for their help to the Huron people during the Beaver War.
It was Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle who made the earliest European discovery in the upper Niagara and Ontario region in the late 1600s. On August 7, 1679, La Salle launched a ship, Le Griffon, which became the first full-sized vessel to sail across the Great Lakes, eventually disappearing in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
After the American Revolution, the New York colony - now a country - began a westward expansion, searching for a habitable land following the Iroquois trend. Land close to fresh water is very important. New York and Massachusset are fighting for the Buffalo region, and Massachusetts has the right to purchase a land of one mile (1,600 meters). The rights to the Massachusetts area were sold to Robert Morris in 1791, and two years later to the Dutch Land Company.
As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army, Iroquois territory gradually trimmed in the mid to late 1700's by the white settlers through successive agreements statewide, such as Fort Stanwix Treaty (1784). ), Buffalo Creek First Agreement (1788), and Geneseo Agreement (1797). Iroquois linked to the reservation, including Buffalo Creek. At the end of the 18th century, just 338 square miles (216,000 acres; 880 km km <2,000/ha), 88,000 ha) area of ​​the reservation remaining.
Establishment, Erie Canal and railroads
Early settlers along the mouth of Buffalo Creek were former slaves of Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges, and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch merchant from Albany who arrived in 1789. The first white settlers along the river were prisoners who were captured during the Revolutionary War. The first inhabitants and Buffalo landowners with a permanent presence are Captain William Johnston, a white Iroquois translator who has been present in the area since the days after the Revolutionary War and awarded the creekside lands by Senecas as a reward. His home is built on Washington and Seneca roads today.
On July 20, 1793, the Dutch Land Purchase was completed, containing the present Buffalo land, which was mediated by Dutch investors from the Netherlands. The Great Tree Agreement removed the Iroquois title to the western land of the Genesee River in 1797. In the fall of 1797, Joseph Ellicott, architect who assisted the Washington DC survey with Andrew's brother, was appointed Head of Survey for the Dutch Land Company. Over the next year, he began surveying the land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. It was completed in 1803, and new village boundaries extended from creekside in the south to Chippewa Street currently to the north and Carolina Street to the west, where most settlers remained for the first decades of the 19th century. Although the company named the settlement "New Amsterdam," the name did not exist, returning to Buffalo within ten years. Buffalo has its first road to Pennsylvania built in 1802 for migrants passing to Western Reserve Connecticut in Ohio.
In 1804, Ellicott devised a radial grid plan that would branch off from the village to form fingers like a bicycle, distracted by a diagonal, similar to a system used in the nation's capital. In the center of the village there is an eight-lane intersection, where it will be Niagara Square. A few blocks to the southeast he designed a semicircle in front of Main Street with a long green park, once his. It will be known as Shelton Square, at that time the center of the city (which will be changed dramatically in the mid-20th century), with streets that intersect with the names of Dutch Holland Land Company members, today Erie, Church and Niagara avenues -Street. Lafayette Square is also located one block to the north, which is then bordered by streets bearing the names of Iroquois.
According to the early inhabitants, in 1806 there were sixteen residences, a school building and two shops in the village, mainly near the main streets, Swan and Seneca. There are also blacksmith shops, shops and drugstores. The small streets are 40 feet wide, and the village is still surrounded by forests. The first lot was sold by the Dutch Land Company on September 11, 1806, to Zerah Phelps. In 1808, many will be sold from $ 25 to $ 50.
In 1804, the Buffalo population was estimated to be 400, the same as Batavia, but the Erie County growth was behind the districts of Chautauqua, Genesee, and Wyoming. The neighboring Black Rock village to the northwest (today's Buffalo neighborhood) is also an important center. Horatio J. Spafford noted on the State Gazette of New York that, in spite of the growth of the Buffalo village, Black Rock "is considered a better trading site for a large trading city than it is from Buffalo," especially when taking into account the regional profile of the earthly roads stretching eastward. Before the east-to-west highway finishes, a trip from Albany to Buffalo will take a week, while a trip from Williamsville to nearby Batavia can take up to three days.
Although slavery was rare in the state, limited slavery had occurred in Buffalo in the early 19th century. General Peter Buell Porter is said to have had five slaves during his time in Black Rock, and some news ads also advertise slaves for sale.
In 1810, the courthouse was built. In 1811, the population was 500, with many people farming or doing manual labor. The first newspaper published was Buffalo Gazette in October of the same year.
The fears of a second British war were triggered in 1812, when on June 27 a small ship carrying salt was captured by two boats on the Niagara River. There were a few small battles over the water in the months that followed. On December 18, 1813, Fort Niagara was flooded easily by 500 British and Native American troops. Soon after, General Amos Hall ordered two thousand unskilled troops and was obliged to march from Batavia to Buffalo, arriving on December 26th. After the British crossed the Niagara River on the night before Dec. 30, Buffalo and Black Rock villages were burned in a frenzy. next at the Battle of the Buffalo. The ensuing battles and fires were in response to an unwarranted Niagara-on-the-Lake ruin, later known as "Newark," by American troops. While many residents were warned to leave first, those who did not escape were tomahawk and slapped in the ensuing battle. Although only three buildings remained in the village, the rebuilding took place quickly, completed in 1815.
Until April 2, 1821, Buffalo village was part of and the Niagara County area, until the legislature passed an act separating the two.
On October 26, 1825, the Erie Canal was completed, formed from the Buffalo Creek section, with Buffalo port-calling for settlers heading west. At that time, the population was about 2,400. In 1826, 130 Creek Creek Creek Reservation on the western border of the village was transferred to Buffalo. The Erie Canal brought a spike in population and trade, causing Buffalo to join as a city in 1832. The canal area was mature in 1847, with passenger and cargo activity leading to congestion at the harbor.
The mid-1800s witnessed an explosion in the population, with the city doubling from 1845 to 1855. Nearly two-thirds of the city's population were immigrants born overseas in 1855, largely a mixture of Irish and German Catholics unskilled or educated. began to break away in different parts of the city. Irish immigrants planted their roots along the heavy Buffalo River and Erie River in the southeast, where there are still many people today; German immigrants found their way to the East Side, living a more relaxed, household life. Some immigrants are worried about environmental change and choose to leave the city for the west, while others try to stay in hopes of expanding their indigenous culture.
The opaque black slaves began to make their way north to Buffalo in the 1840s, and also settled on the East Side of the city. In 1845, construction began in the Macedonian Baptist Church, a meeting place in the Michigan and William Street neighborhood where the blacks first settled. It also serves as an important meeting place for abolitionist movements. Buffalo is the end point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves who cross the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario to seek freedom.
During the 1840s, the port of Buffalo continued to grow. Passenger and commercial traffic increased with about 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Shipment of grains and commercial goods leads to repeated expansion of the port. In 1843, the world's first steam-powered wheat elevators were built by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. "Dart's Elevator" enables faster disassembly of the lake carrying vessel along with large-scale transshipment of grain from barges, canal boats, and trains. In 1850, the city's population was 81,000.
In 1860, there were many railroad companies and lines that crossed and ended in Buffalo. The main ones are Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad (1859), Buffalo and Erie Railroad and New York Central Railroad (1853). During this time, a quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie is controlled by Buffalo residents, and the shipbuilding itself is a thriving industry for the city.
Later, Railroad Lehigh Valley will have its trail ending in Buffalo in 1867.
The rise of heavy industry, setbacks, urban renewal
At the beginning of the 20th century, local factories were the first to benefit from the hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River. The city is nicknamed Light City right now because of widespread electric lighting. It is also part of the car revolution, hosting the brass-era builders of Pierce Arrow and Seven Little Buffaloes early in this century. At the same time, the exit of local entrepreneurs and industry giants brought a new stage that would make the city lose its competitiveness against Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Detroit.
President William McKinley was shot and badly wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Expo in Buffalo on September 6, 1901. McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in the Wilcox Mansion. The Great Depression in 1929-39 saw severe unemployment, especially among working-class workers. The New Deal aid program operates at full power. The city became a fortress of trade unions and the Democratic Party.
During World War II, Buffalo saw the return of prosperity and full employment because of its position as a manufacturing center. As one of the most populous cities of the 1950s, Buffalo's economy revolved almost entirely in its manufacturing base. Big companies like Republic Steel and Lackawanna Steel employ tens of thousands of Buffalonians. The integrated national shipping route will take advantage of Soo Locks near Lake Superior and the extensive rail and yard network that runs through the city.
Lobby by local business and interest groups against St. Lawrence Seaway began in 1920, long before its construction in 1957, which cut off the city from a valuable trading route. His approval was revived by legislation long before its construction. Shipbuilding in Buffalo, like the American Shipbuilding Company, closed in 1962, ending an industry that has been the city's economic sector since 1812, and the direct result of reduced activity by the seaside. With deindustrialization, and national suburbanization trends; the city's economy began to deteriorate. Like most Rust Belts, Buffalo, home to more than half a million people in the 1950s, its population has declined as heavy industry closes and people go to suburbs or other cities.
Recent developments
Like other Rust Belt cities like Pittsburgh and Cleveland, Buffalo has been trying to revitalize a beleaguered economy and collapsed infrastructure. Trends in the opening of offices in the area began in the 1980s.
Geography
The buffalo is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, opposite Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. It lies at the origin of the Niagara River, which flows northward over Niagara Falls and into Lake Ontario. The city is 50 miles (80 km) south-southeast of Toronto. Relative to the city center, the city is generally flat with the exception of the area around the North and High streets, where a 90 foot hill gradually develops close to from the south and north. In Southtowns is the Boston Hills, while the Appalachian Mountains sit in the Southern Tier below them. In the north and east, the region maintains a flat profile that descends into Lake Ontario. Different types of shale, limestone and lagerstÃÆ'¤tten are common in Buffalo and surrounding geographical arrangements, which line the water area within and adjacent to the city.
Although there have not been any recent or significant earthquakes, Buffalo sits above the Great Southern Lake Seismic Zone, which is part of the Great Lakes tectonic zone.
Buffalo has four channels flowing through its boundaries: Niagara River, Buffalo River and Creek, Scajaquada Creek, and Black Rock Canal, adjacent to the Niagara River.
According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​52.5 square miles (136 km 2 ), of which 40.6 square miles (105 km 2 ) is ground and the rest is water. The total area is 22.66% water.
Cityscape
Architecture
The Buffalo architecture is very diverse, with a collection of buildings from the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of the structure and work still stands, like the largest state park system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. At the end of the 19th century, the Warranty House - built by Louis Sullivan - is a prominent example of an early high skyscraper. The 20th century saw works such as the Art Deco-style Buffalo City Hall and Buffalo Central Terminal, the Electric Tower, the Richardson Olmsted Complex, and the Rand Building. The urban extension of the 1950s-1970s gave way to the construction of the Brutalist-style Buffalo Town Hall Building and One Seneca Tower - formerly the HSBC Center, the tallest building in the city.
Nearby Areas
Climate
Buffalo has a humid continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfb bordering Dfa ), which is common in the Great Lakes region. Buffalo has a snowy winter, but rarely the snowy city in New York state. The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of strong winds and snow that had previously accumulated on land and on the frozen Lake Erie. Snow usually does not interfere with city operations, but can cause significant damage during the autumn like October 2006 hurricanes. In November 2014, the region has a record-breaking storm, yielding more than 5 1 / 2 feet (66 inches, 170 cm) of snow, this storm is named "Snowvember". Buffaloes have the driest and driest summers in every major city in the Northeast, but still have enough rain to keep the vegetation green and fertile. Summer is characterized by abundant sunshine and moisture and moderate temperatures. Let down by the famous Buffalo winter snow is the fact that Buffalo benefits from the effects of other lakes such as the cooling southwest winds of Lake Erie in the summer that gently dampen the hottest days. As a result, temperatures only rise above 90 Â ° F (32.2 Â ° C) three times in the average year, and Buffalo station from the National Weather Service has never recorded an official temperature of 100 Â ° F (37.8%). Â ° C) or more. The rainfall is moderate, but usually occurs at night. The Lake Erie stabilization effect continues to inhibit storms and increase sunlight in the Buffalo area directly through most of July. August usually has more rain and hotter and more humid because the warmer lake loses its temperature-stabilizing effect. The highest recorded temperature in Buffalo was 99 ° F (37 ° C) on August 27, 1948 and the lowest recorded temperature was -20 ° F (-29 ° C), which occurred twice, on February 9, 1934 and February 2 1961.
Demographics
Like most industrial cities in the Great Lakes region of the United States, Buffalo recovered from the economic depression resulting from suburbanization and the loss of its industrial base. The city population peaked in 1950 when it was the 15th largest city in the United States, and its population has spread to the periphery of every census ever since.
In the Census 2010, city population was 50.4% White (45.8% non-Hispanic White only), 38.6% Black or African-American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaskan Native, 3.2% Asian, 3.9% of some other races and 3.1%% of two or more races. 10.5% of the total population is Hispanic or Latino of any race. Since 2003, there has been an increase in the number of Burmese refugees, mostly from Karen ethnic, with an estimated 4.665 now in Buffalo.
The average income for households in the city is $ 24,536 and the average income for families is $ 30,614. Men have an average income of $ 30,938 versus $ 23,982 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 14,991. 26.6% of the population and 23% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 38.4% of those under the age of 18 and 14% of those aged 65 and older live below the poverty line.
Economy
Buffalo's economic sector includes industry, light manufacturing, high technology and services. The State of New York, with more than 15,000 employees, is the largest company in the city. Other large businesses include the United States government, Kaleida Health, M & amp; T Bank (headquartered in Buffalo), Universities in Buffalo, General Motors, Time Warner Cable and Tops Friendly Markets. Buffalo is home to the Rich Products, the Canadian beer maker Labatt, the Sorrento Lactalis cheese company, Delaware North Companies, and the New Era Cap Company. Recently, Tesla Gigafactory 2 opened in South Buffalo in the summer of 2017, as a result of the Buffalo Billion program.
The loss of traditional jobs in manufacturing, rapid suburbanization and high labor costs has led to economic decline and has made Buffalo one of the poorest cities in the US with a population of over 250,000. It is estimated that 28.7-29.9% of Buffalo's population live below the poverty line, behind only Detroit, or just Detroit and Cleveland. Buffalo's average household income of $ 27,850 is the third lowest among major cities, behind only Miami and Cleveland; But the average household income in the metropolitan area is $ 57,000. This, in part, has caused the metropolitan area of ​​Niagara-Niagara Falls to have the most affordable housing market in the US. The quarterly FAHB Housing Opportunity Index (NIB/Wells) accounted for nearly 90% of new and existing homes being sold in the metropolitan. area during the second quarter is affordable for families who make the county's median income of $ 57,000. In 2014, the average house price in town is $ 95,000.
Buffalo's economy has begun to see significant improvements since the early 2010s. The money from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo through a program known locally as "Buffalo Billion" has brought new construction, increased economic development, and hundreds of new jobs to the area. By March 2015, Buffalo's unemployment rate was 5.9%, slightly above the national average of 5.5%. In 2016, the US Bureau of Economic Analysis assessed the Buffalo region's economy to reach $ 54.9 billion.
Crime
Compared to the national average, Buffalo has a much higher level of violent crime. In 2015, there were 41 murders, 1,033 robberies, and 1,640 attacks. In 2016, bizjournals.com published an article including an FBI report that assessed Buffalo's violent crime rate as the 15th worst in the country.
Culture
Cuisine
Buffalo cuisine includes a variety of cultural contributions, including Italy, Ireland, Jewish, German, Polish, African-American, Greek, and American influences. By 2015, the National Geographic Society puts Buffalo third on the list of "Top Ten Food Cities in the World". Local-owned restaurants offer Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, Mexican, Italian, Arabic, Indian, Caribbean, soul food and French cuisine. Buffalo's local pizza is different from the typical New York style crust pizza and Chicago-style pizza served in food, and locally known as the midpoint between the two. Beef on sandwiches, kielbasa, sponge cake, cake hearts, anchovy pierogi and hasdock fish are local favorites, such as loganberry flavored drinks that remain relatively unknown outside New New York and Southern Ontario. Teressa Bellissimo first prepared the now widespread Chicken Wings at Anchor Bar in 1964.
Buffalo has several well known food companies. Whipped non-milk toppings were found in Buffalo in 1945 by Robert E. Rich, Sr. His company, Rich Products, is one of the largest private companies in the city. General Mills is organized in Buffalo, and the Gold Medal, Wheaties, Cheerios and other General Mills cereals are produced here. Archer Daniels Midland operates its largest flour mill in the city. Buffalo is home to one of the world's largest private food companies, Delaware North Companies, which operates concessions in sports arenas, stadiums, resorts and many state and federal parks.
Taste of Buffalo and the National Buffalo Wing Festival showcase food from the Buffalo area. These are two of the many festivals that take place in Buffalo during the summer months.
Great art and performance
Buffalo is home to over 50 public and private art galleries, especially Albright-Knox Art Gallery, home to a collection of modern and contemporary art, and the Burchfield-Penney Art Center. In 2012, AmericanStyle rated Buffalo twenty-five in the list of high-end cities for art. It is also home to many independent media and literary arts organizations such as the Squeaky Wheel Film and Media Arts Center. The largest theater in the Buffalo Area is the Shea's Performing Arts Center, designed to accommodate 4,000 people with the interior by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Built in 1926, the theater presents musical and Broadway concerts. Theater community at Buffalo Theater District includes more than 20 professional companies.
The Allentown Art Festival features local and national artists every summer, in the Allentown district of Buffalo.
Music
The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, performed at the Kleinhans Music Hall, is one of the most prominent performing arts institutions in the city. During the 1960s and 1970s, under the leadership of Lukas Foss and Michael Tilson Thomas, Philharmonic collaborated with the Grateful Dead and toured with the Boston Pops Orchestra.
Buffalo has roots from many jazz and classical musicians, and is also the founding city for several mainstream bands and musicians, including Rick James, Billy Sheehan, The Quakes, and The Goo Goo Dolls. Vincent Gallo, a Buffalo-born filmmaker and musician, plays in several local bands. Jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra and jazz sax player Grover Washington Jr. also started their careers in Buffalo. Pianist and composer Leonard Pennario was born in Buffalo in 1924 and made his debut concert at Carnegie Hall in 1943. Buffalo's "Color Music Club", an extension of what has long been a union of separate local musicians, is evolving today and maintaining the history of jazz inside the wall. The famous indie artist, Ani DiFranco, comes from Buffalo.
The buffalo also has underground music that spawns expansion bands like Snapcase, Lemuria, and Pentimento.
Tourism
Although the major tourist destinations in the region are Niagara Falls in the north, Buffalo tourism relies on historic sites and outdoor recreation. Interesting places in the city include the fireboat Edward M. Cotter, regarded as the world's oldest active firebo and is the National Historic Landmark of the United States, Buffalo Botanical Gardens and Erie County, Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo Museum Buffalo Gardens Animals - the third oldest in the United States - Lawn Forest Cemetery, Buffalo and Erie County Naval & amp; Military Park, Anchor Bar and Darwin D. Martin House.
Site of the former Canal Port of Erie, Canalside has been a popular destination for tourists and residents since 2007 when Buffalo and the New York Power Authority began to rebuild former War Memorial Auditorium sites into accurate historical canals.
Buffalo is one of the largest Polish-American centers in the United States. As a result, many aspects of Polish culture have found houses in the city from food to festivals. One of the best examples is the annual Easter Monday celebration, known to many Eastern Europeans as Dyngus Day.
Sports
The buffalo and the surrounding area are home to two major leagues of professional sports teams. NHL Buffalo Sabers plays in the city of Buffalo, while Buffalo Bills NFL plays at Orchard Park in the suburbs of New York, where they have been since 1973.
The Bills, founded in 1959, played at War Memorial Stadium until 1973, when Rich Stadium, now New Era Field, was opened. The teams compete in the East AFC division. Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970, Bills has won the AFC conference championship four times in a row (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993), producing four missing Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXV, Super Bowl XXVI, Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII); they are the only NFL team without a playoff appearance in the 21st century from 2011 to 2017, having missed the playoffs every season since 2000.
The Sabers, founded in 1970, played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium until 1996, when the Marine Midland Arena, now the KeyBank Center was opened. This team is inside the NHL Atlantic Division. The team has won one Presidential Cup (2006-2007) and three conference championships (1974-1975, 1979-1980 and 1998-1999). However, like the Bills, The Sabers did not have a league championship, having lost the 1975 Stanley Cup to the Philadelphia Flyers and the 1999 Stanley Cup to the Dallas Stars. Since 2014, both Bills and Sabers have been owned by Terrence Pegula, a major investor in Buffalo's revitalization efforts.
Buffalo Braves played at the National Basketball Association from 1970 to 1978, with their home games held at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. The team struggled financially, so moved to California and became the San Diego Clippers.
Buffalo is also home to several small sports teams, including Buffalo Bisons (baseball, MLB Toronto Blue Jays affiliate since 2014), FC Buffalo (football) as well as professional women's team, Buffalo Beauts (hockey). The indoor lacrosse team Buffalo Bandits was founded in 1992 and played their home games at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium until 1996 when they followed Sabers to the Marine Midland Arena. They have won eight championship divisions and four league championships (1991-1992, 1992-1993, 1995-1996 and 2007-2008). Buffalo Bulls is the first division team representing the State University of New York at Buffalo (who is no longer in the right city); the only Division I campus sports program within the city limits is Canisius Golden Griffins.
* The American Football League Championship (AFL) was obtained before the NFL joined the AFL in 1970.
  Date refers to the current incarnation; Buffalo Bisons previously operated from the 1870s to 1970s and currently Bison counts this team as part of their history.
Parks and recreation
The Buffalo park system has more than 20 parks with several parks accessible from every part of the city. The Olmsted Park and Parkway System is a hallmark of many of Buffalo's green spaces. Three quarters of the city park is part of the system, which consists of six main parks, eight connecting parks, nine circles and seven smaller spaces. Built in 1868 by Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux, the system was integrated into the city and marked the first attempt at America to lay a coordinated system of public parks and parkways. Olmsted's designed parts of the Buffalo park system are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and are managed by the Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy (BOPC), a non-profit, publicly functioning municipal department department. This is the first non-governmental organization of its kind to serve in such capacity in the United States.
Located at Lake Erie and Buffalo meetings as well as the Niagara River, Buffalo is a seaside town. The rise of the city to the economic power comes through its waterways in the form of transshipment, manufacturing, and an endless source of energy. Buffalo Fish Edge remains, albeit to a lesser extent, a center of trade, commerce and industry. Starting in 2009, a significant part of Buffalo's edge began to turn into a focal point for social and recreational activities. For this purpose, Buffalo Harbor State Park, nicknamed "Outer Harbor," opened in 2014. Buffalo's intention is to emphasize its architectural and historical heritage to create tourist destinations, and preliminary data show that they succeed.
Government
At the city level, Buffalo City has mayors and councils of nine board members. Buffalo also serves as an Erie County center with some of the 11 regional legislators representing at least part of Buffalo. At the state level, there are three states that assemble and two state senators represent the exact parts of the city. At the federal level, Buffalo is the heart of New York's 26th congress district in the House of Representatives, represented by Democrat Brian Higgins.
In a common trend in the northern region of "Rust Belt", the Democratic Party has dominated Buffalo's political life over the past half century. The last time a person other than a Democrat held the position of Mayor in Buffalo was Chester A. Kowal in 1965. In 1977, Democratic Mayor James D. Griffin was elected as a candidate for two small parties, the Conservative Party and the Right to Live Party, after he lost the main Democrat to the Mayor to then Deputy Speaker of the State Assembly Arthur Eve. Griffin switched political allegiance several times over the past 16 years as Mayor, generally on a conservative social platform. His successor, Democrat Anthony M. Masiello (elected in 1993) continues to campaign for social conservatism, often crossing party lines in support and alliances. However, in 2005, Democrat Byron Brown was elected the first African-American mayor in a landslide (64% -27%) over Republican Kevin Helfer, who runs a conservative platform. In 2013, the Conservatives endorse Brown for a third term because of his pledge to cut taxes. This change in local politics was preceded by a fiscal crisis in 2003 when years of economic downturn, a diminishing tax base and mismanagement made the city sink in debt and on the verge of bankruptcy. At the instigation of New York State Ruler Alan Hevesi, the state took over Buffalo's financial management, appointing the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority. Mayor Tony Masiello started a conversation about the merger of the city with the larger Erie County government the following year, but they were in vain.
The Buffalo District Office, US Army Corps of Engineers is next to Black Rock Lock on Erie Canal's Black Rock channel. In addition to maintaining and operating the locks, the District plans, designs, builds and maintains water resource projects from Toledo, Ohio to Massena, New York. These include the flood control dam in Mount Morris, New York, supervision of the Great Lakes down (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario), reviewing and allowing wetland development, and remedial action for hazardous waste sites. Buffalo is also home to the head office of the National Weather Service (NOAA), which serves all parts of the west and many states of New York. Buffalo is home to one of the 56 national FBI field offices. The field office covers all of Western New York and parts of Southern Tier and Central New York. The field office operates several task forces together with local agencies to help combat problems such as gang violence, terrorism threats and health care scams. Buffalo is also the location of the chief judge, US Attorney and administrative office for the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.
Education
Buffalo Public Schools serves most Buffalo towns. The city has 78 public schools, including an increasing number of charter schools. In 2006, the total enrollment was 41,089 students with a student-teacher ratio of 13.5 to 1. Graduation rates of up to 52% in 2008, up from 45% in 2007, and 50% in 2006. More than 27% of teachers has a master's degree or higher and the middle value of experience in the field is 15 years. The metropolitan area has 292 schools with 172,854 students.
The Buffalo school magnet system has schools that attract students with special interests, such as science, bilingual studies, and Native American studies. Special facilities include Buffalo Technology Elementary School; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Multicultural Institute; International School; Charles R. Drew Magnet Science; BUILD Academy; Leonardo da Vinci School; PS 32 Bennett Park Montessori; Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts, BAVPA; Riverside Technology Institute; Financial Academy Lafayette High School/Buffalo; Hutchinson Central Technical High School; Burgard High School; South Park High School; and Emerson School of Hospitality.
The city has 47 private schools and the metropolitan area has 150 institutions. Most private schools, such as Bishop Timon - St. Jude, Kanisius High School, Mercy Mountain Academy, and Nardin Academy have Catholic affiliations. In addition, there are two Islamic schools, Darul Uloom Al-Madania and Universal School of Buffalo. There are also non-conservative options including The Buffalo Seminary (the only private, non-sectarian school, all girls in New York state), Nichols School and many Charter Schools.
Completing its standard function, the Adult and Sustainable Education Division at Buffalo Public provides education and services for adults across the community. In addition, the Department of Career and Technical Education offers over 20 academic programs, and is attended by approximately 6,000 students each year.
State University of New York (SUNY) operates three institutions within the city of Buffalo. The university in Buffalo is known as "UB" and is the largest state university in New York. University at Buffalo is the only university in Buffalo and is a nationally ranked 1st level research university. Buffalo State College and Erie Community College are colleges and colleges, respectively. In addition, private institutions Canisius College and D'Youville College are within the city.
Infrastructure
Health Care
The city is home to two private health care systems, which combine the operations of eight countless hospitals and clinics in the larger metropolitan area, as well as three public hospitals operated by Erie County and New York State. Oishei Children's Hospital opened in November 2017 and is the only long-standing children's hospital in New York. The Buffalo General Medical Center and the Gates Vascular Institute have earned top ratings in the US for their cutting-edge research and treatment into stroke and neurological treatments. Erie County Medical Center has been accredited as Level One Trauma Center and serves as a trauma and burn care center for Western New York, mostly from the Southern Tier, and parts of Northwestern Pennsylvania and Ontario, Canada. Over the years, Roswell Park has also been recognized as one of the leading cancer treatment centers and research in the United States, and recruits doctors and researchers from around the world to live and work in the Buffalo area.
- Mercy Hospital of Buffalo (South Buffalo)
- Sisters of Charity Hospitals (Central Buffalo)
- Kenmore Mercy Hospital (Kenmore, NY)
- St. Joseph's Hospital (Cheektowaga, NY)
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo General Medical Center/Gates Vascular Institute (Downtown Buffalo)
- Oishei Children's Hospital (Downtown Buffalo)
- DeGraff Memorial Hospital (North Tonawanda, NY)
- Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital (Amherst, NY)
- Erie County Medical Center (ECMC) (East Buffalo)
- The Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Buffalo Town Center)
- Buffalo State Hospital (state-operated facility for mental illness, located in Northwest Buffalo)
Transportation
The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) operates Buffalo Niagara International Airport, reconstructed in 1997 and located on the outskirts of Cheektowaga. The airport serves Western New York and many of the Finger Lakes and Southern Tier Regions. The Buffalo Metro Rail, also operated by NFTA, is a long 6.4 mile (10.3 km) long, light rail system stretching from Erie Canal Harbor in downtown Buffalo to the University Heights district (specifically, South Campus University in Buffalo) at the northeastern part of the city. The downtown part of the line goes above ground and is free for passengers. North of Fountain Plaza Station, at the north end of downtown, the line moves underground until it reaches the northern end of the University of Heights. Passengers pay the fare to ride on this section of the rail. Two train stations, Buffalo-Depew and Buffalo-Exchange Street, serve the city and are operated by Amtrak. Historically, the city was a major stop over the route between Chicago and New York City via the lower Ontario peninsula.
The buffalo is at the eastern end of Lake Erie and serves as a playground for many private yachts, sailboats, electric boats and water boats. The city's vast breakwall system protects the inner and outer ports, which are maintained in the depths of commercial navigation for Great Lake freighters. The Erie Lake tributaries that flow through southern Buffalo are the Buffalo River and Buffalo Creek.
Eight New York State highways, one three-digit Interstate Highway and one U.S Highway across Buffalo city. New York State Route 5, commonly referred to as Main Street within the city, enters via Lackawanna as a limited access roadway and intersects with Interstate 190, a north-south highway connecting Interstate 90 on the southern outskirts of Cheektowaga with Niagara Falls. NY 354 (Clinton Street) and NY 130 (Broadway) is east to west of the highway connecting south and downtown Buffalo to the eastern outskirts of West Seneca and Depew. NY 265 (Delaware Avenue) and NY 266 (Niagara Street and River Road) both start in downtown Buffalo and end up in the town of Tonawanda. One of the three US highways in Erie County, the other two are US 20 (Transit Road) and US 219 (Southern Expressway), US 62 (Bailey Avenue) is the north to south ramp that enters the city via Lackawanna and exits at the City Border Amherst at the intersection with NY 5. Inside the city, the route is traversed by the development of light industry and dense city areas. Bailey Avenue has a major intersection with Interstate 190 and Kensington Expressway. Three major toll roads serve the city of Buffalo. The Scajaquada Expressway (NY 198) is primarily a restricted access road connecting Interstate 190 near Unity Island to New York State Route 33, which begins on the edge of downtown and the city's East Side, continues through densely populated areas of the city, intersecting with Interstates 90 in Cheektowaga and ends at the airport. The Peace Bridge is the main international intersection near the Black Rock district of the city, connecting Buffalo with Fort Erie and Toronto via the Queen Elizabeth Way.
The city of Buffalo has a higher percentage of households than the average without a car. By 2015, 30 percent of Buffalo households are car shortages, and slightly decline to 28.2 percent by 2016. The national average is 8.7 percent by 2016. Buffaloes averaged 1.03 cars per household in the year 2016, compared with the national average of 1.8.
Utilities
Buffalo water system is operated by Veolia Water. To reduce large-scale ice blockage on the Niagara River, with flooding, ice damage to docks and other coastal structures, and blockage of water intakes for hydroelectric power in Niagara Falls, the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation have jointly operated Lake Erie-Niagara River Ice Boom since 1964. The blast was installed on December 16, or when water temperatures reached 4 Ã,  ° C (39Ã,  ° F), whichever occurs earlier. The explosion opened on April 1, except for more than 650 square kilometers (250 m²) of ice left in Eastern Lake Erie. When in place, the boom stretches 2,680 meters (8,790 feet) from an outer breakwall in Buffalo Harbor almost to the Canadian coast near the ruins of a pier at Erie Beach in Fort Erie. The explosion was originally made of wood, but it has been replaced with a steel pontoon.
Media
Buffalo's major newspaper is The Buffalo News . Founded in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper has 181,540 in daily circulation and 266,123 on Sundays. With WBEN (WBEN-AM) radio station, WBEN-FM, and WBEN-TV television station, Buffalo's first television station and for several years only, Buffalo Evening News dominated local media market until 1977, when newspapers and stations were separated. The station shows their affiliation with the newspaper on their call sign: WBEN. Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include Artvoice, Public , First Buffalo Business, Spectrum - University in student-run newspaper Buffalo - and the Record newspaper, owned by Buffalo State College students. Online news magazines include Artvoice Daily Online and Buffalo Rising, which was previously a print magazine.
The Buffalo area is home to 14 AM stations and 21 FM stations. Main station operators include Entercom, Townsquare Media and Cumulus Media. In addition, National Public Radio operates a publicly funded station, WBFO 88.7.
According to Nielsen Media Research, Buffalo television market is the 52nd largest in the United States in 2013. Although there are no large cable outlets that have offices or bureaus in the Buffalo area, the four major networks have established affiliates in this area: WGRZ 2 (NBC) , WIVB-TV 4 (CBS), WUTV 29 (FOX), and WKBW-TV 7 (ABC). Other stations in Buffalo with affiliate networks include WNED-TV 17 (PBS), WNLO 23 (The CW), WNYO-TV 49 (MyNetworkTV), and WBBZ-TV 67 (MeTV/independent) publicly funded. The main cable provider in the area is Spectrum, which operates the exclusive Spreadum News Buffalo on the system, part of the statewide Spectrum News Network. The Buffalo market also has access to some over-the-air Canadian broadcast stations from Hamilton and the Toronto area, though only CBLT 5 (CBC) and CFTO 9 (CTV) are performed at Time Warner Cable.
Movies taken with significant Buffalo snippets include: Hide in Plain Sight (1980), Tuck Everlasting (1981), Best Friends (1982) , The Natural (1984), Vampire (1984), Canadian Bacon (1995), Buffalo '66 ( 1998), The Savages (2007), Manna from Heaven (2002), Manna from Heaven /i> (2011), Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of The Shadows (2016), Marshall (2016), Accidental Switch (2016), and The American Side (2017). Although additional films, such as Promised Land (2012), have used Buffalo as a setting, filming often takes place in other locations such as Pittsburgh or Canada. High production costs are blamed for filmmakers who photographed all or most of their scenes in Buffalo elsewhere.
Famous people
Twin towns - twin cities
Buffalo has a number of twin cities designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):
See also
- Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
Notes and references
Note
References
Bibliography
- Goldman, Mark (2007). City by the side: Buffalo, New York . Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN: 9781591024576.
Further reading
External links
- NYPL Digital Gallery, Items associated with Buffalo, NY
- Library of Congress, Print & amp; Photo Division, Item related to Buffalo, NY
- SkyscraperPage, Skyscraper diagram in Buffalo, NY
- Travel guide Buffalo from Wikivoyage
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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